India makes up 25% of global groundwater use, panel flags overuse

India accounts for nearly 25 per cent of global groundwater withdrawals , the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) has flagged, raising concerns over over-extraction and urging stronger action to ensure sustainability.

In its 41st report on ‘Ground Water Management and Regulation’ , tabled in Parliament on April 1, the panel noted that India is the largest user of groundwater in the world , with annual extraction estimated at 245 billion cubic metres (BCM) . Groundwater remains a critical resource, meeting around 80 per cent of drinking water needs and nearly 64 per cent of irrigation demand .

However, the committee warned that current usage patterns are unsustainable , highlighting that four states — Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan — have exceeded 100 per cent extraction levels , meaning withdrawals surpass natural recharge. At a more granular level, 267 districts across 24 states and Union Territories recorded extraction levels ranging between 64 per cent and 385 per cent .

Describing this as a “clear indication” of failure to prioritise sustainable water use , the panel strongly urged the Ministry of Jal Shakti to persuade state governments to take immediate and stringent measures to curb excessive groundwater extraction and ensure long-term resource viability.

The report also pointed out a rising trend over the years, with the overall stage of groundwater extraction increasing from 58 per cent in 2004 to 63 per cent in 2017 , indicating growing pressure on the resource base.

In its response, the ministry said it is working closely with states and implementing multiple initiatives, including the Jal Shakti Abhiyan , Atal Bhujal Yojana , Ground Water Management and Regulation Scheme , and the National Hydrology Project . It noted that a 2023 assessment by the Central Ground Water Board and state agencies showed some improvement, with overall extraction declining to 59.26 per cent .

The ministry further said the proportion of “safe” assessment units increased from 62.6 per cent in 2017 to 73.1 per cent in 2023 , while over-exploited units declined from 17 per cent to 11 per cent. Additionally, post-monsoon water levels in 2022 indicated that about 61 per cent of monitored wells recorded a rise compared to the previous decade’s average, suggesting early signs of recovery .

Key interventions also include the Amrit Sarovar Mission , National Aquifer Mapping and Management Programme (NAQUIM) , and a master plan for artificial recharge (2020) that envisages creating around 1.42 crore rainwater harvesting structures to harness 185 BCM of water. A model groundwater regulation bill has been circulated, with 21 states and UTs adopting it so far.

While these improvements are encouraging , the ministry emphasised that sustained efforts and scientific groundwater management are essential to address long-term challenges.